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Thomas Edward Lawrence was a British scholar-archaeologist, military intelligence and strategist, writer and poet.
Thomas studied at the High School and Jesus College, Oxford, studying medieval military architecture in particular, researching Crusader castles in France and in Syria and Palestine. Then in the early 1900s he took part in an excavation, though more likely a cartographic reconnaissance from Gaza to Aqaba for strategic military purposes. The study was published in 1915 under the title The Wilderness of Zin (The Wilderness of Zin).
At the outbreak of World War I, Lawrence became a member of the cartographic staff of the War Office in London, tasked with producing a militarily useful map of Sinai. From 1914, with the rank of lieutenant, he was already active in various operations in Cairo and other Arab countries. It is believed that Lawrence made a significant contribution to the victory of the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire, and locals gave him the nickname Lawrence of Arabia.
Lawrence had time to work on his war memoirs as well, publishing a book about his activities, The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, in 1926. Also of interest are his poignant service chronicle "The Mint" and a considerable amount of correspondence. He was commissioned by book designer Bruce Rogers to translate Homer's Odyssey into English. Lawrence also wrote over 100 poems, which were published in the collection Minorities in 1971.
After World War I, Lawrence worked for the British Foreign Office and served in the Royal Air Force. He died in a motorcycle accident in May 1935 at the age of 46.
Georg Kolbe was a German sculptor of the first half of the twentieth century. He is known as a master of Classicism and Symbolism. Throughout most of his professional career he was an artist in demand by various German authorities.
Georg Kolbe, despite the strong influence of the Expressionists, managed to develop his own unique style. He left a notable mark not only in sculpture, his artistic legacy includes a large number of drawings and hundreds of engravings.
His biography is closely connected with Berlin, where he lived for more than 40 years. Kolbe is named for the prize awarded by the Artists' Union of Berlin. The artist's former studio now houses a museum with permanent solo exhibitions of works by renowned sculptors of modern art.
Georg Engst was a German sculptor.
Engst preferred to work in wood, stone and bronze, but also in aluminium, concrete and glass. Much of his artistic work from the mid-1950s onwards is abstract-geometric in character, initially in the form of inlaid panels and inlaid walls made of wood, for example for a commission for the conference room of the Regional Church Office in Hanover in 1957.
Ewald Wilhelm Hubert Mataré was a German painter and sculptor, who dealt with, among other things, the figures of men and animals in a stylized form.
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Ernst Heinrich Barlach was a German expressionist sculptor, medallist, printmaker and writer. Although he was a supporter of the war in the years leading to World War I, his participation in the war made him change his position, and he is mostly known for his sculptures protesting against the war. This created many conflicts during the rise of the Nazi Party, when most of his works were confiscated as degenerate art. Stylistically, his literary and artistic work would fall between the categories of twentieth-century Realism and Expressionism.
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Gerhard Marcks was a German artist, known primarily as a sculptor, but who is also known for his drawings, woodcuts, lithographs and ceramics.
